Enjo Kosai Girls in Hong Kong Identity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1970 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enjo kosaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has appeared prevalently at Hong Kong in around October 2007, after a local newspaper reported that girls dating for compensation and branded product. However, the seriousness of the problem was not addressed until a 16-year-old enjo kosai girl was killed and dismembered by a 24-year-old man who was a drug abuser in July 2009. This incident aroused huge social concern towards this emerging trend which is originated from Japan. What is the situation in Hong Kong? This paper aims to review this problem by pointing out that negative family factors is an antecedents of enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong, as well as analyzing that these girls tend to be in the identity diffusion status. Roles of social workers, dilemma they face and future invention strategies are also discussed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Enjo Kosai Girls in Hong Kong Identity" essay for you Create order LITERATURE REVIEW Background of Enjo Kosai à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Enjo Kosaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, abbreviated as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enkoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, which is translated in English as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Compensated Datingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Subsidized Datingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, is a term originated in Japan. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Enjoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to assistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Kosaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“datingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The term was first report in a Japan Newspaper in September, 1994. With the spread of internet and cultural interflow, it was soon being prevalent in South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. At first, the definition meant teenage girls dating an older man for money or gifts, so as to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“assistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? them from loneliness. Teenage girls regarded it as a part-time job, and for some of the participants, sex became part of the process. With the addition of sex for pay, the meaning of this activity became unclear. Nowadays, enjo kosai has generally turned into teenage sex work . The major difference between with prostitution is that, prostitution is generally performed in a brothel or by arrangement of a third party, while in enjo kosai, the fact is girls can choose men. If a girl does not like a man when she first sees him, she can leave him. As they are not bounded by any contract, they can conduct enjo kosai only when they need extra money. Causes of Enjo Kosai As suggested by Matsumoto (2002), in a survey by Asahi Shimbun in 1998, people where asked what they perceived to be the main contributing factors to this obvious social problem. The most common response was that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“parents cannot discipline their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“society overemphasizes the desire of goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Typically girls commit in enjo kosai spend the money on expensive brand-named goods or on activities with friends. Although monetary reward underlies each of enjo kosai girls, apparently there are several explanations for the reasons behind. According to a Japanese study as suggested by Wakabayashi (2003), Maruta (2001) analyzed that there are three reasons why girls engage in enjo kosai: 1) efficiency of making money, 2) sexual desire, and 3) psychological compensation. The ratio among these three categories was 3:1:6. For the reason of psychological compensation, Maruta analyzed that there are two subcategories: 1) Girls are grown up in defective families and struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder or PSTD, which is a multidimensional construct of stress response syndromes. These girls have experienced some sort of trauma in their lives. This trauma might be physical, e.g., being raped or being physically abused by their parents; or it might be emotional, e.g., experiencing their parentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ divorce. 2) Girls seek to gain sexual experience, affirm their own sexual attractiveness and are possible to set a price for their bodies. Marutaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s analysis found there might be certain psychological connections between enjo kosai and the compensation for the lack of love, loneliness and past trauma experiences. Not surprisingly, other recent research found the same result. McCoy (2004) suggested that many teenage girls who engage in enjo kosai experience family dysfunction and a lack of communication with their parents, or they feel overprotected or stifled. They tend to be unable to exercise self-restraint, act impulsively and feel lonely. Research on Enjo Kosai in Hong Kong As enjo kosai is an emerging issue in Hong Kong, little formal research is done as it is a new research topic. A few local social service agencies conducted exploratory research. Some significant research include 1) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Exploratory Study of Enjo Kosai Girls in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Yang Memorial Methodist Social Service (2008): This is one of the earliest comprehensive exploratory studies on the emergence of enjo kosai in Hong Kong. Information of enjo kosai websites and other internet sources were extensively analyzed and six enjo kosai girls were being interviewed. Causes, prevalence and impact of enjo kosai were discussed. 2) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Adolescentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Views on Enjo Kosaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Hong Kong Christian Service (2009) 3) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Secondary Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Knowledge and Values of Enjo Kosaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Hong Kong Association of Sexuality Educators, Researchers Therapists (2009): They have done similar research on the causes of enjo kosai in Hong Kong, the value system of adolescents and their perception on this issue. Both studies suggested adolescentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perceptions of the main reason that girls engage in enjo kosai is the efficiency of making money to buy branded products. These support the analysis of Kuruta (2001). 4) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Uncontrollable Desire of Consumerism? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Rethinking the Problem of Enjo Kosai in Hong Kongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Office of Hon Cheung Kwok Che, Member of Legislative Council (Social Welfare Functional Constituency) Shiu, K. C. (2009): This study interviewed several enjo kosai girls and summarized different perspectives of viewing this problem in Hong Kong, including how society, police and the law treat enjo kosai. Social workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ roles, positioning and intervention method were discussed. Negative Family Factors Researchers have found parental and family relationship relates to teenage girlsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ sexual behavior, which applies to enjo kosai in this paper. Parental characteristics, family relationships, and attitudes, values and norms of family members also have been associated with adolescent sexual behaviors (Dorius et al., 1993). Adolescents from single-parent families have been shown to begin sexual intercourse at younger ages than those from two-parent families (Miller Bingham, 1989). Thornton and Camburn (1987) found that both parents and adolescents who have experienced divorce have more permissive attitudes about non-marital sexual intercourse. In addition, other than family factors that affect sexual behaviors, adolescentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ disclosure on their activities, i.e., communication with family also plays an important role in escalating and fostering enjo kosai activities. Dishion et al. (2004) suggested that monitoring is embedded within the parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"child relationship. Stoolmiller (1994) made a similar point that some teenagers actively avoid parental supervision, especially are disinclined to share information about their comings and goings and with whom they spend time. Both parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attempt and childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s willingness to disclose affect parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involvement in and influence on children (Dishion et al., 2004). Marciaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Identity Statuses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Identity Diffusion Erikson (1950, 1968) suggested the descriptions of identity formation as a particularly adolescent activity. He grounded that adolescents need to confront the crisis of identity versus role confusion. Marcia (1966) extended Eriksonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory into a structured Identity Statuses by accessing individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"commitmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This includes 1) Identity achievement crisis leading to commitment; 2) Foreclosure commitment without crisis; 3) Moratorium crisis with no commitment yet; 4) Identity Diffusion no commitment, no crisis. Marcia (1976) revealed that the Identity Diffusion individuals had in common a lack of direction and purpose in their lives and a pervasive air of unconcern about the matter. Some individuals were drifting and some were distressed. They seemed to have jobs rather than occupations. They tended to be controlled largely by immediate environmental influences. Kroger (1993) suggested that parents of identity defused adolescents are more likely laissez-faire in child-rearing attitudes. They are rejecting or not available to children. The adolescentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ personalities tended to be with low levels of ego development, moral reasoning, cognitive complexity and self-certainly. They tended to have poor cooperative abilities. ANALYSIS DISCUSSION Negative Family Factor as Antecedents of Enjo Kosai Activities in Hong Kong Following Dishion et al (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interaction effect between adolescents developing deviant friendships and parents disengaging from family management, this paper applies the argument to enjo kosai: If a girl is involved in enjo kosai, her behavior will escalate under conditions of low parent monitoring, negative parent communication, and poor relationship quality. This interaction of family management degradation and enjo kosai involvement is also in line with Dishion et al.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s premature autonomy hypothesis. Though having a small sample size in Hong Kong, Yang Memorial Methodist Social Service (2008) found that all girls who engaged in enjo kosai they interviewed have a poor relationship with their families. They lacked communication with their parents and siblings, some were being abused and some parents were divorced. It is obvious that parental and family relationship strongly relates to enjo kosai activities in Hong Kong. Some interviewees agreed that their divorced family background might also foster them to involve in enjo kosai for psychological compensation of love and care. Identity Diffusion of Enjo Kosai Girls in Hong Kong From the above literature, it is reviewed that girls who engaged in enjo kosai activities could be applied as in the Identity Diffusion status. Despite McCoy (2004) found that in Southeast Asia, some girls who engage in compensated dating were frequently from middle or upper-middle-class families and were commonly good students and school leaders, while in Hong Kong, the situation is not the same. The few local studies suggested that enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong tend to have no commitment to schooling, education and have no seriously considered options of future career. Some of them treated enjo kosai as a part-time job. Their parents do not tend to discuss the future with these girls. The characteristics of Identity Diffusion adolescents also include high degree of anxiety and fluctuation in feelings about self and their dominant characteristics. Yang Memorial Methodist Social Service (2008)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s findings supported these. The girls they interviewed are distressed, anxious, uncertain about themselves when they were alone and psychologically empty. Abortion was also reported from some girls. Roles of Social Workers in Hong Kong The roles of social workers are controversial. Office of Hon. Cheung Shiu (2009) discussed extensively about the roles and ethical dilemma of social workers face when handling with enjo kosai cases. For example, 1) the dilemma between being responsible to the case owner (enjo kosai girl) versus being accountable to the school: whether social workers should confidentially help the enjo kosai girls or they should report to the school principal once they receive a case; and 2) the intervention of institutionalized life is good for all girls: whether putting enjo kosai girls into girls home is advantageous regardless of their long-term identity and personality development as well as social network. Office of Hon. Cheung Shiu (2009) also argued that the role of social worker is more like police. They claimed that nowadays more social workers tend to report and publicize the case rather than focus on confidentially due to social pressure. However, the intervention phase will be affected and might not be aiming at the biggest interest of the case owner. It is suggested a balance should be kept when facing the dilemma of confidentiality versus accountability. More agencies could conduct research on this topic so that social workers will understand more on the reasons behind enjo kosai and to help these girls. More training to social workers could be provided on this topic and outreaching teams that focus on this target group could be formed. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS This paper concluded that negative family factors are antecedents of enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong. It also discussed that these girls tend to be in the identity diffusion status. This would be useful for social workers, social service agencies, sociologists and the government to understand more about enjo kosai, the role of family factors as well as the girlsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ psychological development. It is recommended that more comprehensive sex education shall be given in early and middle adolescence stage so as to build up and achieve youthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ positive identity. On the other hand, more aid shall be given to existing enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong by social workers with focused outreaching teams.

Student Welcome Letter

A student welcome letter is a great way to greet and introduce yourself to your new students and their parents. Its purpose is to welcome students and give parents an insight into what you expect as well as what students need to do throughout the school year. This is the first contact between the teacher and home, so include all essential elements to give a great first impression and set the tone for the rest of the school year. Elements of a Welcome Letter A student welcome letter should include the following: Personal informationContact informationA description of your classroom behavior planA brief description of your classroom environmentHomework policyA classroom supply listA brief statement of your teaching philosophy Sample Welcome Letter Below is an example of a welcome letter for a first-grade classroom. It contains all of the elements listed above. September 2019 Dear Parents and Students: My name is Samantha Smith, and Id like to welcome your children, and you, to my first-grade class. Your children have all just completed a busy and productive year of kindergarten, and Id like to assure you that their education will continue as we work to meet their individual and collective learning goals. First, a little about myself: I have been a first-grade teacher for 25 years, including the last 10 here at Spencer V. Williams Elementary School. I believe in student-centered approach to learning. That is, I feel its important that I get to know every student individually and develop individual education goals for each that tie into our classroom learning. I also believe that its important that we—your child, you the parent, and I—work together as a team to help your children succeed. This year, we will be focusing on district and state first-grade learning standards, which include: Math: Problem-solving, operations, and number senseReading: Basic sight-word recognition, first-grade reading, phonemic awareness with more complicated sounds like blends and digraphsWriting: Formal work on handwriting skills in addition to creative writing tasksVisual Arts: Identification of lines, colors, shapes, forms, and textures as elements  Other Areas: Including basic science concepts, social studies, and social skills These are, of course, only some of the academic areas we will explore and learn this year as a class. I will inform you soon of our back-to-school night date and details, as well as dates for parent-teacher conferences. But please dont limit your contact to those. I am happy to talk or meet with parents any afternoon after school or early mornings. I have attached a copy of my classroom behavior plan, homework policy (I assign homework every weeknight except for Fridays), and classroom supply list. Please retain those for your records. Also, please feel free to call or email me with any questions, thoughts, and even concerns. Sincerely, Samantha Smith First-Grade Teacher Spencer V. William Elementary (555) 555-5555 smithsvwilliams.net Importance of the Letter The letter will be slightly different depending on the grade level. For middle school or high school, for example, or even for upper elementary school years, youll need to emphasize different curriculum requirements. But the letters structure can be similar regardless of the grade you are teaching because it sends a clear and open invitation to parents to work with you and their child as a team. Sending out this kind of letter to parents at the start of the school will make your job as a teacher much easier and open up a dialogue with parents, an important step in helping each child succeed in your class.

The Pros and Cons of Migration to Australia Essay

The Australian Oxford mini dictionary (2006, p.318) states that, migration is the movement from one place; especially a country, to settle in another. As stated by Mulvany Caroll (2003, p.28) during the past ten decades the Australian Government has tried various ways of enticing people to immigrate to Australia. Australia is one of the most multicultural countries in the world. According to Mulvany Caroll, â€Å"The number of countries represented by people coming to Australia is a lot greater today than it was at Federation, in 1906†(2003, p.28). Migration to Australia has increased over the years due to various reasons such as: the need for specialist training, better life, environmental changes and child migration schemes, etc. The†¦show more content†¦This implies that, their counties have to tolerate poverty to keep their physicians and nurses, but they need to overcome poverty to increase their investments in their health workforce. Although most Governments do not consider environmental decline as a cause of migration; it is evident that it is. Millions of people migrate during life threatening environmental disasters in order to save their lives. Shah (cited in Graeme, 1996) indicated that, natural disasters are increasing over time and that a large number of lives were lost and 86% of the disasters happened in Asia. Graeme (1996) in his study indicates that, there was migration in huge numbers by environmental refugees in 1976; when China experienced its worst earthquake. Similarly in Bangladesh, in 1996 five consecutive floods left over 30 million people homeless and killed 900 people, as well as 85,000 head of cattle. Reports by Kayastha and Yadara (cited in Graeme, 1996) indicate that, 15million natural disasters affect people each year, of which: 2.5 million lose their homes and 4 million need to migrate to look for food and shelter. Graeme (1996) also states, that Africa has generated the largest number of environmental refugees ; for instance, desertification is rapidly increasing in the Sahel and its loss of arable land is largely anticipated. In addition, the droughts of 1968-1973 and 1982-1984; this caused a million ofShow MoreRelatedLiberalism And Human Rights Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesneutrality of state’ is really not the case as the states already create ‘societal cultures’ through nation building and other public institutions. Therefore, he believes states should be pro-active and take necessary policy actions to protect minority rights and help such groups to flourish culturally. The pros of such an approach are several. Groups feel included and it adds to the diverse fabric of societies. 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Into the blazing stillness of grief, the mourning angst echoes like an unruffled midnight roar Essay Example For Students

Into the blazing stillness of grief, the mourning angst echoes like an unruffled midnight roar Essay Into the blazing stillness of grief, the mourning angst echoes like an unruffled midnight roar that brings forth the dread in every living creature in that once quiet lay in Lebanon. The affected are perplexed with helplessness, hunger, disease, isolation and foreboding, you will hear a piercing ill-omened outcry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a heartbreaking veil of a lifes canvass grounded by hostilities. Lives lost in gray, hope mislaid and the future is vanished- turning back the tide of time beyond the beginnings. Incredulity? let us not be unsighted by our faith. If our counsel recite that illustrious exodus of our bible from the heart of its pious wisdom; let all amen. But in times of treachery to perfidy a flimsy faith to trail a ruthless plot calculated to deceive an innocuous heart is a dismal and to those who are sentient consenting such leader perfecting in conspire? Let you be haunted by the souls you slaughtered. The obliteration is vast, its disturbing trauma will forever last until the end of age, its psychological horror will rut in the souls of those who witnessed the bloody times that ensnare the lives of the innocent. Like a perpetual vista; that furious fire that doom and the times of war will forever be evoked. And why did it happen?. Like any other manner of fight, supremacy is the typical raison dÃÆ' ªtre in dealing with all sorts of impact in order to victor a game. And such political drama; like an ensemble à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these religious brawny have had perfected the art of manipulating the poor using the obverse of religious kinds in order to sham and denote the might of control even if it causes a ruinous means of war. That, as it happens it has eroded a once carved footprints of hope, dreams and aspirations. And as we all find the ray of hope faded in the light; let not the sunrise fade to those who are among victims.